Lingaliro ndi kugawa mabotolo agalasi ndi zitini?

Mabotolo agalasindipo mitsuko ndi ziwiya zopangidwa ndi galasi, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kusungira ndi kunyamula zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Kutengera ndi ntchito ndi mawonekedwe awo osiyanasiyana, mabotolo agalasi ndi mitsuko zimatha kugawidwa m'mitundu ingapo:

1. Mabotolo agalasi wamba: mtundu wofala kwambiri wa botolo lagalasi, womwe nthawi zambiri umagwiritsidwa ntchito kusungira chakudya, zakumwa, mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndi zinthu zina.
2. Mabotolo agalasi otenthedwa: pambuyo pa chithandizo chapadera, mphamvu zawo ndikukana kukhudzidwaikhoza kukonzedwanso, nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito kusungira zinthu zosalimba kapena pazochitika zomwe zingawononge galasi.
3. Mabotolo agalasi otsukira mpweya: okhala ndimphete zosindikizirandi zipangizo zotulutsa mpweya pakamwa pa botolo, zimatha kusunga mpweya woipa mkati, womwe nthawi zambiri umagwiritsidwa ntchito kusungira zinthu zomwe zimatha kuwonongeka kapena kuipitsidwa.
4. Mabotolo agalasi okhala ndi zipewa zomangidwa mkati: chipewa ndi thupi la botolo zimaphatikizidwa, nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira zinthu zomwe zimafuna kupakidwa motsekedwa, monga mankhwala.
5. Mabotolo okongoletsa agalasi: nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokongoletsa,kukonzedwa kwa maluwa, ndi zolinga zina, zokhala ndi mawonekedwe ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yomwe ingasinthidwe momwe ingafunikire.
6. Mabotolo ena apadera agalasi: monga mabotolo a reagent a mankhwala,mabotolo amafuta ofunikiramabotolo onunkhira, ndi zina zotero, opangidwa ndi kupangidwa malinga ndi makhalidwe ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka zinthu zosiyanasiyana.
7. Pakati pawo, mabotolo wamba agalasi amatha kugawidwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana malinga ndi mtundu, monga bulauni pa vinyo wofiira, buluu pa mowa, wobiriwira wakuda pa mafuta a azitona, ndi zina zotero.

China idagwiritsa kale ntchito mapaipi opopera kupanga zotengera zagalasi zopanda kanthu panthawi ya nkhondo ya Tang ndiMafumu a nyimbo.

Mabotolo agalasi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popaka zakumwa, zakumwa zoledzeretsa, mankhwala, mankhwala, zinthu zophunzitsira, ndi zodzoladzola. Poyerekeza ndi zinthu zina zopaka, mabotolo agalasi ali ndi ubwino monga kuwonekera bwino, kuyeretsa mosavuta, kukhazikika kwambiri kwa mankhwala, kusaipitsidwa ndi zomwe zili mkati, kutseka mpweya bwino, kusungira bwino, mawonekedwe ndi zokongoletsera zosiyanasiyana, komanso kubwezeretsanso. Komabe, zovuta za mabotolo agalasi ndi kufooka kwawo komanso kulemera kwawo kolemera. Komabe, ndi kusintha kosalekeza kwa ukadaulo wopanga, zovuta izi zikuthetsedwa pang'onopang'ono.

Chiyambi cha mafakitale amakono a magalasi chimayambira pakati pa 1904 ndi 1908. Shanghai Jinghua Glass Factory, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 1931, inali fakitale yoyamba ku China kupanga mabotolo agalasi ndi mitsuko mosalekeza pogwiritsa ntchito ma uvuni ophikira moto ndi zishawa za akavalo komanso makina opangira mabotolo odzipangira okha. M'zaka za m'ma 1950, China idamanga mafakitale akuluakulu ambiri amakono opangira mabotolo. M'zaka za m'ma 1980, kusintha kwakukulu pakupanga mabotolo agalasi kunali kuchepetsa kulemera kwa mabotolo agalasi, komwe kunapulumutsa zinthu zopangira, mafuta, kuwonjezeka kwa liwiro la kupanga, komanso kuchepetsa ndalama zoyendera. Pofika m'zaka za m'ma 2010, mafakitale athu anali atasonkhanitsa zaka zambiri zopanga, kukonza ndi kukonza zinthu zopangira, ndipo mabotolo athu agalasi sanalinso ndi zitsulo zolemera monga lead ndi mercury. Ndi kukweza kwa makampani onse,makhalidwe a thanziMabotolo agalasi nawonso awonetsedwa, ndipo zinthu zathu zalowa m'gulu la zinthu zomwe sizili ndi phindu lililonse. Nthawi yomweyo,ife fakitalekukonza ndi kukweza nthawi zonsenjira zopangira zopangiramabotolo agalasi kutengera zomwe takumana nazo, zomwe zimapangitsa mabotolo athu agalasi kukhala owonekera bwino komanso opanda zinyalala zamtundu uliwonse. Titadutsa mu chonyamulira choziziritsira ndi kuziziritsira cha mamita 500, mabotolo agalasiwo amazizira mwachilengedwe, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti akhale olimba, olimba, komanso otetezeka kuposa mabotolo ofanana agalasi. Pazinthu zathu, tidayambitsa njira yogawa zinthu zopangira, zomwe ndi zapadera m'makampani. Timagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zopangira zosiyanasiyana pamabotolo osiyanasiyana agalasi, ntchito zosiyanasiyana, ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana, zomwe zimapangitsa zinthu zosapanikizika monga mabotolo a champagne, mabotolo a mowa, ndi mabotolo a zakumwa kukhala zosagwedezeka kwambiri, zinthu zapamwamba monga mabotolo a vinyo ndi mabotolo onunkhira kukhala owonekera bwino komanso okongola, makapu amadzi ndi zinthu zina zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito mosavuta.kusintha kwa kutentha mofulumira, ndi mitsuko yotsika mtengo ya pickle yotsika mtengo, zomwe zimachepetsa ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito. Cholinga chathu ndikupanga zinthu zabwino pamtengo wotsika pogwiritsa ntchito njira zabwino.

Kapangidwe ka mankhwala m'mabotolo agalasi ndi mitsuko kumatha kusiyana kutengera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito,njira zoumba,liwiro lopanga,makhalidwe a njira, ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu zopangira. Mabotolo ndi mitsuko yambiri imapangidwa ndi galasi la soda-lime-silica. Zigawo zazikulu za galasi la soda-lime-silica ndi SiO2, Na2O, ndi CaO. Kuwonjezera kuchuluka koyenera kwa Al2O3 ndi MgO kungathandize kuchepetsa chizolowezi cha galasi chopanga makristalo, kukulitsa kukhazikika kwa mankhwala ndimphamvu yamakinaya galasi, ndikuwonjezera kupangika kwa galasi. Mankhwala omwe amapezeka m'mabotolo ndi mitsuko yagalasi ya soda-lime m'maiko ambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndi SiO2 70-74%, CaO ndi MgO 10-14%, Na2O ndi K2O 13-16%, ndi Al2O3 1.5-2.5%. Popanga mabotolo ndi mitsuko yagalasi yopanda utoto, kuchuluka kwa Fe2O3 mumchenga wa quartzndi yotsika kwambiri (nthawi zambiri pafupifupi 0.03%). Kuwonjezera Cr2O3 ndi Fe2O3 kumapangitsa galasi wamba la soda-lime kuoneka wobiriwira, pomwe kuwonjezera sulfur-carbon kapena MnO2 ndi Fe2O3 kumapangitsa galasi kuoneka lofiirira. Galasi la borosilicate nthawi zambiri limagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mabotolo ndi mitsuko ya mankhwala chifukwa cha kukhazikika kwake kwa mankhwala. Mabotolo okongoletsera apamwamba nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi galasi lofiira lomwe lili ndi lead, barium, kapena zinc, pomwe ena amapangidwa ndi galasi la mkaka pogwiritsa ntchito fluorides ngati zotetezera.